Characterization and storage stability of liposomes as delivery systems for carotenoids

Abstract

Carotenoids are valuable bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant properties; however, their application in food systems is limited by low stability and reduced bioavailability. Liposomal encapsulation represents an efficient strategy to protect carotenoids and improve their functional performance. In this study, carotenoid-loaded liposomes were characterized in terms of particle size, antioxidant activity during in vitro digestion, and storage stability. The obtained liposomes showed particle sizes ranging between 144.87±3.17 and 205.28±2.48 nm, confirming their nanoscale structure and suitability for food applications. In vitro digestion revealed a higher antioxidant activity for encapsulated carotenoids compared to the free extract during both gastric and intestinal phases, demonstrating the protective effect of the liposomal system and improved bioaccessibility. Storage stability assessment indicated a decrease in the content of encapsulated bioactive compounds after four weeks, from 80.16±0.87 µg/g to 61.48±1.12 µg/g, while maintaining significant antioxidant potential. The obtained results confirm that liposomes act as effective delivery systems for carotenoids, enhancing their stability, digestive behavior, and functional properties, and highlighting their potential application in the development of fortified and functional food products.