Stimuli-responsive nanomaterial-based biosensor structures for wound care: pH, ROS, and temperature sensing strategies

Abstract

Chronic and infected wounds remain a major clinical challenge due to their dynamic microenvironments and the lack of real-time diagnostic feedback in conventional dressings. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanomaterial-based biosensors have enabled the development of smart wound-care systems capable of continuous monitoring and on-demand therapeutic intervention. This review systematically summarizes progress in nanomaterial-enabled wound biosensing strategies, with a focus on pH, reactive oxygen species, and temperature nanosensors, which serve as key indicators of infection, inflammation, and healing status. We discuss the sensing mechanisms and functional roles of diverse nanomaterials. A particular focus is placed on emerging multimodal and theranostic platforms which integrate biochemical and physical sensing with controlled drug release, photothermal or photodynamic therapy, and redox regulation. These systems represent a shift from passive wound monitoring toward closed-loop, adaptive wound management. Also, future perspectives are outlined, highlighting the convergence of nanomaterials, self-powered electronics, and intelligent data processing as a pathway toward personalized and precision wound care.