AI or Die? A Survey analysis of ai familiarity as emerging symbolic capital in Romania

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming everyday life, reshaping work, education and social interaction. Drawing on Bourdieu's concept of symbolic capital, the researchers investigate how differential AI proficiency functions as a new form of social distinction, conferring advantages while possibly exacerbating inequalities. Based on a survey of 171 Romanian participants, we discuss disparities in AI familiarity, attitudes and usage patterns. Younger generations and men report higher AI familiarity (58% vs. 45% for women) and more positive attitudes toward AI technologies, while older adults and women frequently express skepticism or uncertainty. Early adopters, predominantly tech-savvy Millennials and Generation Z professionals accumulate this new form of symbolic capital, positioning themselves as innovators and leaders in the changing digital landscape. A perceptual gap is also visible between respondents' self-assessment of AI knowledge (64% claiming familiarity) and their perception of the broader population's understanding (79% believing most Romanians lack AI familiarity). This disconnect reflects a form of technological distinction that could become an obstacle to inclusive AI literacy initiatives. Our findings highlight AI's dual role as an empowerment mechanism and potential driver of new cleavages and forms of social stratification. This pinpoints the need for public policy that democratises access to AI knowledge and skills.