Satellite communication and Starlink: The future of global connectivity

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of satellite communications with a focus on SpaceX’s Starlink constellation and its impact on global connectivity. We review traditional satellite orbits and architectures, then analyze Starlink’s deployment strategy, system design, and user terminals. Technical performance metrics—latency, bandwidth, reliability—are compared to geostationary and terrestrial networks. We discuss key innovations (phased-array antennas, laser inter-satellite links) and the operational challenges of space-debris management, spectrum regulation, and environmental considerations. Finally, we assess the societal and economic impacts of Starlink’s network and outline future prospects for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial Internet services.