The carbonation process in reinforced concrete structures

Abstract

Carbonation is a major degradation process for reinforced concrete structures, affecting various types of structures such as residential buildings, bridges, industrial buildings, historical buildings and tunnels. The process begins with the penetration of carbon dioxide ( ) from the atmosphere into the concrete, where it reacts with calcium hydroxide, forming calcium carbonate. This reaction lowers the pH of the concrete and once the carbonation reaches the reinforcement, it destroys the passive layer that protects the steel from corrosion. The corrosion of the reinforcement leads to cracking and spalling of the concrete, accelerating structural degradation.

For each type of structure, there are specific prevention methods, such as waterproofing additives, protective coatings, drainage systems and reinforcement with special mortars. Regular maintenance and continuous monitoring are also essential to prevent the progression of carbonation and protect structures in the long term. This article analyzes how each type of structure is affected differently by carbonation and presents effective prevention solutions, contributing to increased durability and reduced long-term repair costs.