Trilateral cooperation between Romania, Moldova and Ukraine in the field of regional policy, innovation and European studies: from the Eastern Partnership to the Three Seas Initiative

Abstract

This study examines strategic directions for trilateral cooperation between Romania, Moldova, and Ukraine in developing a joint agenda in regional policy, innovation, and European research. The aim is to propose a model for the sustainable transformation of border regions through integration into the European Research Area and participation in macro-regional initiatives such as the Three Seas Initiative. The study draws on approaches such as the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), the Eastern Partnership priorities, ESPON reports, the European Green Deal, and the EU-US Trade and Technology Council (TTC). The article also draws on contemporary research examining the concept of the "triple transition"- digital, green, and social-as a new framework for sustainable regional development. The approach employed includes political and institutional analysis, comparative regional diagnostics, and the assessment of mechanisms such as smart specialization, SME digitalization, and regional spatial information systems. Particular attention is paid to cross-border cooperation, the development of joint value chains, and institutional innovation platforms. The results point to the potential for creating joint regional innovation systems, digital clusters, and regional observatories to support data-driven policies and the internationalization of local economies. Universities are considered key actors in innovation and lifelong learning ecosystems within the framework of regional strategies. The findings are relevant for national and regional policymakers, academic institutions, and innovation actors in the Eastern Partnership countries and EU accession candidate countries. Recommendations are offered for strengthening institutional capacity, cross-border innovation networks, and knowledge-based integration. The value of this study lies in its interdisciplinary and policy-relevant contribution to the debate on regional transformation and EU integration. The article offers a practical model linking trilateral cooperation and the triple transition in the context of the changing geopolitical and economic landscape of the EU and its neighborhood.